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Fluoroscopy: Radiation Protection and Safety
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Disclaimer and Copyright Statements
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Introduction
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Sources of Radiation
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Radiation Units and Measurement
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Exposure
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Absorbed Dose
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Dose Equivalent
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Effective Dose
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Potential Biological Damage From Ionizing Radiation
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Somatic and Genetic Effects
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Stochastic Effects
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Nonstochastic Effects
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Fundamental Principles of Radiation Protection
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Time
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Distance
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Shielding
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Radiation Safety Programs
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Documentation for Quality Improvement
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Occupational and Nonoccupational Dose Limits
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ALARA Principle
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Communicating About Radiation Risk
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Legal and Ethical Responsibilities for Radiation Protection
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Standards of Care
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Medical Negligence
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Medical Malpractice
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Legal Documentation
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Shielding and X-ray Room Design
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Materials
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Primary and Secondary Barriers
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Controlled and Uncontrolled Areas
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Use Factor and Workload
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Occupancy
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Distance
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Fluoroscopy Equipment
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Beam-limiting Devices
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Collimators
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Magnification Modes
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Beam-on Time
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Visual and Audio Monitors
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Exposure Control Devices
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Interlocks
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On-off Switches and Emergency Controls
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Quality Assurance
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Patient and Personnel Protection
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Beam-limiting Devices
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Filtration
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Shielding
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Exposure Factors
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Positioning
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Immobilization
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Fluoroscopic Techniques
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Unnecessary Examinations
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Special Considerations
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Pediatric Patients
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Pregnant Patients
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Pregnant Workers
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Conclusion
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References
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